tomcat动静分离和负载均衡

引言

tomcat服务既可以处理动态页面，也可以处理静态页面；但其处理静态页面的速度远远不如nginx和apache服务，但ngingx和apache服务无法直接处理动态页面，下文就讲述了nginx和tomcat组合使用，实现动静分离和负载均衡；目前很多大型网站都应用Nginx服务器作为后端网站程序的反向代理及负载均衡器，提升整个站点的负载并发能力。

standalone模式，Tomcat单独运行，直接接受用户的请求，不推荐。

反向代理，单机运行，提供了一个Nginx作为反向代理，可以做到静态由nginx提供响应，动态jsp代理给Tomcat
LNMT：Linux + Nginx + MySQL + Tomcat

LAMT：Linux + Apache（Httpd）+ MySQL + Tomcat

前置一台Nginx，给多台Tomcat实例做反向代理和负载均衡调度，Tomcat上部署的纯动态页面更适合

LNMT：Linux + Nginx + MySQL + Tomcat
多级代理

LNNMT：Linux + Nginx + Nginx + MySQL + Tomcat

动态服务器的问题，往往就是并发能力太弱，往往需要多台动态服务器一起提供服务。如何把并发的压力分摊，这就需要调度，采用一定的调度策略，将请求分发给不同的服务器，这就是Load Balance负载均衡。当单机Tomcat，演化出多机多级部署的时候，一个问题便凸显出来，这就是Session。而这个问题的由来，都是由于HTTP协议在设计之初没有想到未来的发展。

在部署Tomcat之前，要部署好环境（JDK），因为JDK是Tomcat运行的必要环境

1.实验环境搭建

根据实验环境，客户端可以用真机模拟，此实验需要五台虚拟机，Centos7-1Nginx代理服务器，Centos7-2和Centos7-3作为负载均衡第一分支的后端服务器，Centos7-4和Centos7-6作为负载均衡第二分支的后端服务器；Centos7-2和Centos7-4作为处理静态资源的服务器，需要搭建Nginx服务；Centos7-3和Centos7-6作为处理动态资源的服务器，需要搭建Tomcat服务

五台虚拟机统一关闭防火墙

2.部署Nginx服务器及配置静态页面Web服务

Centos7-1、Centos7-2、Centos7-4都要部署Nginx服务


[root@7-1 opt]#yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel gcc gcc-c++ make
#安装依赖关系包
[root@7-1 opt]#useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx
#新建Nginx用户 方便管理
[root@7-1 opt]#yum install nginx -y
[root@7-1 opt]#systemctl start nginx
[root@7-1 opt]#systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since 六 2024-03-02 13:40:43 CST; 3s ago
  Process: 2436 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 2433 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 2429 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 2438 (nginx)
   CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
           ├─2438 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
           ├─2439 nginx: worker process
           └─2440 nginx: worker process
 
3月 02 13:40:42 7-1 systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse prox.....
3月 02 13:40:43 7-1 nginx[2433]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/ngin...ok
3月 02 13:40:43 7-1 nginx[2433]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/ng...ul
3月 02 13:40:43 7-1 systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy...r.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.


[root@7-2 ~]#yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel gcc gcc-c++ make
#安装依赖关系包
[root@7-2 ~]#useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx
#新建Nginx用户  方便管理
[root@7-2 ~]#systemctl start nginx
[root@7-2 ~]#systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Sat 2024-03-02 00:32:49 EST; 5s ago
  Process: 1986 ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 1983 ExecStartPre=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 1988 (nginx)
   CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
           ├─1988 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
           └─1989 nginx: worker process
 
Mar 02 00:32:49 node2.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and ....
Mar 02 00:32:49 node2.localdomain nginx[1983]: nginx: the configuration fi...k
Mar 02 00:32:49 node2.localdomain nginx[1983]: nginx: configuration file /...l
Mar 02 00:32:49 node2.localdomain systemd[1]: Failed to read PID from file...t
Mar 02 00:32:49 node2.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and r....
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@7-2 ~]#cd /usr/local/nginx/
[root@7-2 nginx]#ls
client_body_temp  fastcgi_temp  logs        sbin       uwsgi_temp
conf              html          proxy_temp  scgi_temp
[root@7-2 nginx]#cd html/
[root@7-2 html]#ls
50x.html  index.html
[root@7-2 html]#mkdir /usr/local/nginx/html/static
[root@7-2 html]#ls
50x.html  index.html  static
[root@7-2 html]#cd static/
[root@7-2 static]#rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@7-2 static]#ls
f32b966ddaf1002dfa4b2f6c556e57f0.jpg
[root@7-2 static]#mv f32b966ddaf1002dfa4b2f6c556e57f0.jpg nginx.jpg
[root@7-2 static]#ls
nginx.jpg
[root@7-2 static]#vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

静态要加jpg，路径要修改为/usr/local/nginx/html/static


[root@7-4 ~]#yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel gcc gcc-c++ make
#安装依赖关系包
[root@7-4 ~]#useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx
#新建Nginx用户 方便管理
[root@7-4 ~]#systemctl start nginx
[root@7-4 ~]#systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since 六 2024-03-02 13:33:00 CST; 12s ago
  Process: 1962 ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 1960 ExecStartPre=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 1964 (nginx)
   CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
           ├─1964 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
           └─1965 nginx: worker process
 
3月 02 13:32:59 G.D systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse prox.....
3月 02 13:33:00 G.D nginx[1960]: nginx: the configuration file /usr/loca...ok
3月 02 13:33:00 G.D nginx[1960]: nginx: configuration file /usr/local/ng...ul
3月 02 13:33:00 G.D systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy...r.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@7-4 ~]#cd /usr/local/nginx/html/
[root@7-4 html]#ls
50x.html  index.html
[root@7-4 html]#mkdir static
[root@7-4 html]#cd static/
[root@7-4 static]#ls
[root@7-4 static]#rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@7-4 static]#ls
f32b966ddaf1002dfa4b2f6c556e57f0.jpg
[root@7-4 static]#mv f32b966ddaf1002dfa4b2f6c556e57f0.jpg nginx.jpg
[root@7-4 static]#ls
nginx.jpg

3.部署Tomcat服务及配置动态页面Web服务

Centos7-3和Centos7-6需要部署Tomcat服务


[root@7-3 ~]#cd /opt
[root@7-3 opt]#rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@7-3 opt]#ls
jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@7-3 opt]#tar xf jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz 
[root@7-3 opt]#ls
jdk1.8.0_291  jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@7-3 opt]#java -version
openjdk version "1.8.0_131"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_131-b12)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.131-b12, mixed mode)
[root@7-3 opt]#mv jdk1.8.0_291/ /usr/local/
[root@7-3 opt]#cd /usr/local/
[root@7-3 local]#ls
bin  games    jdk1.8.0_291  lib64    nginx  share
etc  include  lib           libexec  sbin   src
[root@7-3 local]#vim /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh 
[root@7-3 local]#cat /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh 
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
export JRE_HOME=$JAVA_HOME/jre 
export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/:$JRE_HOME/lib/
[root@7-3 local]#source /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh 
[root@7-3 local]#echo $PATH
/usr/local/jdk1.8.0_91/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[root@7-3 local]#ln -s jdk1.8.0_291/ jdk
[root@7-3 ~]#java -version
java version "1.8.0_291"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_291-b10)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.291-b10, mixed mode)
[root@7-3 opt]#cd /opt
[root@7-3 opt]#ls
jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@7-3 opt]#rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@7-3 opt]#ls
apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz  jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@7-3 opt]#tar xf apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz 
[root@7-3 opt]#ls
apache-tomcat-9.0.16  apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz  jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@7-3 opt]#cp -r apache-tomcat-9.0.16 /usr/local/
[root@7-3 opt]#cd /usr/local/
[root@7-3 local]#ls
apache-tomcat-9.0.16  etc    include       lib    libexec  sbin   src
bin                   games  jdk1.8.0_291  lib64  nginx    share
[root@7-3 local]#ln -s apache-tomcat-9.0.16/ tomcat
[root@7-3 local]#ls
apache-tomcat-9.0.16  etc    include       lib    libexec  sbin   src
bin                   games  jdk1.8.0_291  lib64  nginx    share  tomcat
[root@7-3 ~]#ss -natp |grep 8080
LISTEN     0      100         :::8080                    :::*                   users:(("java",pid=3237,fd=57))
[root@7-3 ~]#cd /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/
[root@7-3 webapps]#ls
docs  examples  host-manager  manager  ROOT
[root@7-3 webapps]#mkdir test
[root@7-3 webapps]#ls
docs  examples  host-manager  manager  ROOT  test
[root@7-3 webapps]#cd test/
[root@7-3 test]#ls
[root@7-3 test]#vim index.jsp
[root@7-3 test]#cat index.jsp 
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
  <head>
     <tile>JSP test1 page </title>
  </head>
  <boby>
     <% out.println("动态页面1,http://www.test1.com");%>
  </boby>
</html>
[root@7-3 test]#vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml 
[root@7-3 test]#/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh 
Using CATALINA_BASE:   /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:   /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:        /usr/local/jdk/jre
Using CLASSPATH:       /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@7-4 static]#vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf


[root@7-6 ~]#cd /opt
[root@7-6 opt]#rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@7-6 opt]#ls
jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@7-6 opt]#tar xf jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz 
[root@7-6 opt]#ls
jdk1.8.0_291  jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@7-6 opt]#java -version
openjdk version "1.8.0_131"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_131-b12)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.131-b12, mixed mode)
[root@7-6 opt]#mv jdk1.8.0_291/ /usr/local/
[root@7-6 opt]#cd /usr/local/
[root@7-6 local]#ls
bin  games    jdk1.8.0_291  lib64    nginx  share
etc  include  lib           libexec  sbin   src
[root@7-6 local]#ln -s jdk1.8.0_291/ jdk
[root@7-6 local]#vim /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh 
[root@7-6 local]#cat /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh 
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
export JRE_HOME=$JAVA_HOME/jre 
export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/:$JRE_HOME/lib/
[root@7-6 local]#source /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh 
[root@7-6 ~]#java -version
java version "1.8.0_291"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_291-b10)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.291-b10, mixed mode)
[root@7-6 local]#cd /opt/
[root@7-6 opt]#ls
jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@7-6 opt]#rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@7-6 opt]#ls
apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz  jdk-8u291-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@7-6 opt]#tar xf apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz 
[root@7-6 opt]#cp -r apache-tomcat-9.0.16 /usr/local/
[root@7-6 opt]#cd /usr/local/
[root@7-6 local]#ls
apache-tomcat-9.0.16  etc    include       lib    libexec  sbin   src
bin                   games  jdk1.8.0_291  lib64  nginx    share
[root@7-6 local]#ln -s apache-tomcat-9.0.16/ tomcat
[root@7-6 local]#ls
apache-tomcat-9.0.16  etc    include       lib    libexec  sbin   src
bin                   games  jdk1.8.0_291  lib64  nginx    share  tomcat
[root@7-6 ~]#/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh 
Using CATALINA_BASE:   /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:   /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:        /usr/local/jdk/jre
Using CLASSPATH:       /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@7-6 ~]#ss -natp|grep 8080
LISTEN     0      100         :::8080                    :::*                   users:(("java",pid=2811,fd=57))
[root@7-6 ~]#cd /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/
[root@7-6 webapps]#ls
docs  examples  host-manager  manager  ROOT
[root@7-6 webapps]#mkdir test
[root@7-6 webapps]#ls
docs  examples  host-manager  manager  ROOT  test
[root@7-6 webapps]#cd test/
[root@7-6 test]#ls
[root@7-6 test]#vim index.jsp
[root@7-6 test]#cat index.jsp 
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
  <head>
     <tile>JSP test2 page </title>
  </head>
  <boby>
     <% out.println("动态页面2,http://www.test2.com");%>
  </boby>
</html>
[root@7-6 test]#vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml 
[root@7-6 test]#/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh 
Using CATALINA_BASE:   /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:   /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:        /usr/local/jdk/jre
Using CLASSPATH:       /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.

4.实验验收

动态页面

[root@7-1 opt]#tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log

静态页面

[root@7-1 opt]#tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log

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外包干了3个多月，技术退步明显。。。。
原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/zk584715834/article/details/136476877