• 高等数学(第七版)同济大学 习题4-4(前10题) 个人解答


    高等数学(第七版)同济大学 习题4-4(前10题)

     

     求下列不定积分:  
     求下列不定积分:

       ( 1 )    ∫ x 3 x + 3 d x ;                                    ( 2 )    ∫ 2 x + 3 x 2 + 3 x − 10 d x ;    ( 3 )    ∫ x + 1 x 2 − 2 x + 5 d x ;                          ( 4 )    ∫ d x x ( x 2 + 1 ) ;    ( 5 )    ∫ 3 x 3 + 1 d x ;                                   ( 6 )    ∫ x 2 + 1 ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) d x ;    ( 7 )    ∫ x d x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) ;              ( 8 )    ∫ x 5 + x 4 − 8 x 3 − x d x ;    ( 9 )    ∫ d x ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x 2 + x ) ;                       ( 10 )    ∫ 1 x 4 − 1 d x ;    ( 11 )    ∫ d x ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) ;              ( 12 )    ∫ ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 d x ;    ( 13 )    ∫ − x 2 − 2 ( x 2 + x + 1 ) 2 d x ;                      ( 14 )    ∫ d x 3 + s i n 2   x ;      ( 15 )    ∫ d x 3 + c o s   x ;                                 ( 16 )    ∫ d x 2 + s i n   x ;    ( 17 )    ∫ d x 1 + s i n   x + c o s   x ;                   ( 18 )    ∫ d x 2 s i n   x − c o s   x + 5 ;    ( 19 )    ∫ d x 1 + x + 1 3 ;                             ( 20 )    ∫ ( x ) 3 − 1 x + 1 d x ;    ( 21 )    ∫ x + 1 − 1 x + 1 + 1 d x ;                         ( 22 )    ∫ d x x + x 4 ;    ( 23 )    ∫ 1 − x 1 + x d x x ;                               ( 24 )    ∫ d x ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) 4 3 ;   (1)  x3x+3dx                                   (2)  2x+3x2+3x10dx  (3)  x+1x22x+5dx                         (4)  dxx(x2+1)  (5)  3x3+1dx                                  (6)  x2+1(x+1)2(x1)dx  (7)  xdx(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)             (8)  x5+x48x3xdx  (9)  dx(x2+1)(x2+x)                      (10)  1x41dx  (11)  dx(x2+1)(x2+x+1)             (12)  (x+1)2(x2+1)2dx  (13)  x22(x2+x+1)2dx                     (14)  dx3+sin2 x   (15)  dx3+cos x                                (16)  dx2+sin x  (17)  dx1+sin x+cos x                  (18)  dx2sin xcos x+5  (19)  dx1+3x+1                            (20)  (x)31x+1dx  (21)  x+11x+1+1dx                        (22)  dxx+4x  (23)  1x1+xdxx                              (24)  dx3(x+1)2(x1)4

       (1)  x+3x3dx                                   (2)  x2+3x102x+3dx  (3)  x22x+5x+1dx                         (4)  x(x2+1)dx  (5)  x3+13dx                                  (6)  (x+1)2(x1)x2+1dx  (7)  (x+1)(x+2)(x+3)xdx             (8)  x3xx5+x48dx  (9)  (x2+1)(x2+x)dx                      (10)  x411dx  (11)  (x2+1)(x2+x+1)dx             (12)  (x2+1)2(x+1)2dx  (13)  (x2+x+1)2x22dx                     (14)  3+sin2 xdx  (15)  3+cos xdx                                (16)  2+sin xdx  (17)  1+sin x+cos xdx                  (18)  2sin xcos x+5dx  (19)  1+3x+1 dx                            (20)  x +1(x )31dx  (21)  x+1 +1x+1 1dx                        (22)  x +4x dx  (23)  1+x1x xdx                              (24)  3(x+1)2(x1)4 dx

    解:

       ( 1 )  设 u = x + 3 ,则 x = u − 3 , d x = d u ,          得 ∫ x 3 x + 3 d x = ∫ ( u − 3 ) 3 u d u = ∫ u 3 − 9 u 2 + 27 u − 27 u d u = ∫ ( u 2 − 9 u + 27 − 27 u ) d u =           ∫ ( x 2 − 3 x + 9 − 27 x + 3 ) d x = 1 3 x 3 − 3 2 x 2 + 9 x − 27 l n   ∣ x + 3 ∣ + C    ( 2 )  设 2 x + 3 x 2 + 3 x − 10 = A x + 5 + B x − 2 ,          其中 A 、 B 为待定系数。上式两端去分母后,得           2 x + 3 = A ( x − 2 ) + B ( x + 5 ) ,即 2 x + 3 = ( A + B ) x − 2 A + 5 B ,比较上式两端同次幂得系数,即有           { A + B = 2 ,   − 2 A + 5 B = 3 解得 A = 1 , B = 1 。于是           ∫ 2 x + 3 x 2 + 3 x − 10 d x = ∫ ( 1 x + 5 + 1 x − 2 ) d x = l n   ∣ x + 5 ∣ + l n   ∣ x − 2 ∣ + C = l n   ∣ x 2 + 3 x − 10 ∣ + C    ( 3 )   ∫ x + 1 x 2 − 2 x + 5 d x = ∫ ( x − 1 + 2 ( x − 1 ) 2 + 4 ) d x = ∫ ( x − 1 x 2 − 2 x + 5 + 2 ( x − 1 ) 2 + 4 ) d x =           ∫ x − 1 x 2 − 2 x + 5 d x + 1 2 ∫ 1 1 + ( x − 1 2 ) 2 d x = 1 2 l n ( x 2 − 2 x + 5 ) + a r c t a n   x − 1 2 + C    ( 4 )   ∫ d x x ( x 2 + 1 ) = ∫ ( 1 x − x x 2 + 1 ) d x = ∫ 1 x d x − 1 2 ∫ x x 2 + 1 d ( x 2 + 1 ) = l n   ∣ x ∣ − 1 2 l n ( x 2 + 1 ) + C    ( 5 )   ∫ 3 x 3 + 1 d x = ∫ 3 ( x + 1 ) ( x 2 − x + 1 ) d x = ∫ ( 1 x + 1 + 2 − x x 2 − x + 1 ) d x =           l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 1 2 ∫ 1 x 2 − x + 1 d ( x 2 − x + 1 ) + 3 2 ∫ 1 x 2 − x + 1 d x =           l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 1 2 l n ( x 2 − x + 1 ) + 3 ∫ 1 1 + ( 2 x − 1 3 ) 2 d ( 2 x − 1 3 ) =           l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 1 2 l n ( x 2 − x + 1 ) + 3 a r c t a n   2 x − 1 3 + C    ( 6 )   ∫ x 2 + 1 ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) d x = ∫ ( 1 x − 1 − 2 x ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) ) d x = ∫ 1 x − 1 d x − ∫ 2 x ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) d x ,          求 ∫ 2 x ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) d x ,设 2 x ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) = A x + B ( x + 1 ) 2 + D x − 1 ,则 2 x = ( A x + B ) ( x − 1 ) + D ( x + 1 ) 2 ,          即 2 x = ( A + D ) x 2 + ( B − A + 2 D ) x − B + D ,比较上式两端同次幂的系数,即有           { A + D = 0 , B − A + 2 D = 2 , − B + D = 0 解得 A = − 1 2 , B = 1 2 , D = 1 2 ,于是           ∫ 2 x ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) d x = ∫ ( − 1 2 x − 1 ( x + 1 ) 2 + 1 2 1 x − 1 ) d x = − 1 2 ∫ x − 1 ( x + 1 ) 2 d x + 1 2 ∫ 1 x − 1 d x ,          求 ∫ x − 1 ( x + 1 ) 2 d x ,设 u = x + 1 ,则 x = u − 1 , d x = d u ,得 ∫ x − 1 ( x + 1 ) 2 d x = ∫ u − 2 u 2 d u =           ∫ 1 u d u − 2 ∫ 1 u 2 d u = l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ + 2 x + 1 + C ,代入上式,          得 ∫ 2 x ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) d x = − 1 2 l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 1 x + 1 + 1 2 ∫ 1 x − 1 d x ,代入原式,          得 ∫ x 2 + 1 ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) d x = 1 2 ∫ 1 x − 1 d x + 1 2 l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ + 1 x + 1 = 1 2 l n   ∣ x 2 − 1 ∣ + 1 x + 1 + C    ( 7 )   ∫ x d x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) = ∫ ( x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 3 ) − x ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) ) d x =            ∫ x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 3 ) d x − ∫ x ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) d x ,求 ∫ x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 3 ) d x           设 x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 3 ) = A x + 1 + B x + 3 ,其中 A 、 B 为待定系数,上式两端去分母后,           得 x = A ( x + 3 ) + B ( x + 1 ) ,即 x = ( A + B ) x + 3 A + B ,即有 { A + B = 1 , 3 A + B = 0 解得 A = − 1 2 , B = 3 2 ,           于是 ∫ x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 3 ) d x = − 1 2 l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ + 3 2 l n   ∣ x + 3 ∣ + C           求 ∫ x ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) d x ,设 x ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) = A x + 2 + B x + 3 ,其中 A 、 B 为待定系数,上式两端去分母后,           得 x = A ( x + 3 ) + B ( x + 2 ) ,即 x = ( A + B ) x = 3 A + 2 B ,即有 { A + B = 1 , 3 A + 2 B = 0 解得 A = − 2 , B = 3 ,           于是 ∫ x ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) d x = − 2 l n   ∣ x + 2 ∣ + 3 l n   ∣ x + 3 ∣ + C ,           最后, ∫ x d x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) = − 1 2 l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ + 2 l n   ∣ x + 2 ∣ − 3 2 l n   ∣ x + 3 ∣ + C    ( 8 )   ∫ x 5 + x 4 − 8 x 3 − x d x = ∫ x 5 − x 4 + 2 x 4 − 2 − 6 x ( x 2 − 1 ) d x = ∫ ( x 3 x + 1 + 2 x 2 + 1 x − 6 x ( x 2 − 1 ) ) d x =            ∫ x 3 x + 1 d x + 2 ∫ ( x + 1 x ) d x − ∫ 6 x ( x 2 − 1 ) d x ( 1 − 1 ),求 ∫ x 3 x + 1 d x ,           设 u = x + 1 ,则 x = u − 1 , d x = d u ,得 ∫ x 3 x + 1 d x = ∫ ( u − 1 ) 3 u d u =            ∫ ( u 2 − 3 u + 3 − 1 u ) d u = 1 3 u 3 − 3 2 u 2 + 3 u − l n   ∣ u ∣ + C = 1 3 x 3 − 1 2 x 2 + x − l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ + C           求 ∫ 6 x ( x 2 − 1 ) d x , ∫ 6 x ( x 2 − 1 ) d x = 6 ∫ ( x x 2 − 1 − 1 x ) d x = 3 ∫ x x 2 − 1 d ( x 2 − 1 ) − 6 ∫ 1 x d x =            3 l n   ∣ x 2 − 1 ∣ − 6 l n   ∣ x ∣ + C           把两式结果代入( 1 − 1 )式,得 1 3 x 3 − 1 2 x 2 + x − l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ + x 2 + 2 l n   ∣ x ∣ − 3 l n   ∣ x 2 − 1 ∣ + 6 l n   ∣ x ∣ + C =            1 3 x 3 + 1 2 x 2 + x + 8 l n   ∣ x ∣ − 3 l n   ∣ x − 1 ∣ − 4 l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ + C    ( 9 )   ∫ d x ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x 2 + x ) = ∫ ( 1 x 2 + x − 1 x 2 + 1 + 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) ) d x =          ∫ 1 x ( x + 1 ) d x − ∫ 1 1 + x 2 d x + ∫ 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x =          ∫ ( 1 x − 1 x + 1 ) d x − ∫ 1 1 + x 2 d x + ∫ 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x =          ∫ 1 x d x − ∫ 1 x + 1 d x − ∫ 1 1 + x 2 d x + ∫ 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x ( 1 − 1 ),求 ∫ 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x ,          ∫ 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x = ∫ ( 1 1 + x 2 − x ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) ) d x =          ∫ 1 1 + x 2 d x − ∫ x ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x ( 1 − 2 ),求 ∫ x ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x         设 x ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) = A x + 1 + B x + D x 2 + 1 ,则 x = A ( x 2 + 1 ) + ( B x + D ) ( x + 1 ) ,         即 x = ( A + B ) x 2 + ( B + D ) x + A + D ,即有 { A + B = 0 , B + D = 1 , A + D = 0 解得 A = − 1 2 , B = 1 2 , D = 1 2 ,         得 ∫ x ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x = − 1 2 ∫ 1 x + 1 d x + 1 2 ∫ x + 1 x 2 + 1 d x =          − 1 2 ∫ 1 x + 1 d x + 1 4 ∫ 1 1 + x 2 d ( 1 + x 2 ) + 1 2 ∫ 1 1 + x 2 d x = − 1 2 l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ + 1 4 l n   ∣ x 2 + 1 ∣ + 1 2 a r c t a n   x + C ,         代入( 1 − 2 )式,得 ∫ 1 1 + x 2 d x − ∫ x ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x =          1 2 l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 1 4 l n   ∣ x 2 + 1 ∣ + 1 2 a r c t a n   x + C ,代入( 1 − 1 )式,得          ∫ 1 x d x − ∫ 1 x + 1 d x − ∫ 1 1 + x 2 d x + ∫ 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x =          l n   ∣ x ∣ − l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ − a r c t a n   x + 1 2 l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 1 4 l n   ∣ x 2 + 1 ∣ + 1 2 a r c t a n   x + C =          l n   ∣ x ∣ − 1 2 l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 1 4 l n ( x 2 + 1 ) − 1 2 a r c t a n   x + C    ( 10 )   ∫ 1 x 4 − 1 d x = ∫ ( 1 x 2 − 1 − 1 1 + x 2 − 1 x 4 − 1 ) d x ,得           ∫ 1 x 4 − 1 d x = 1 2 ∫ 1 x 2 − 1 d x − 1 2 ∫ 1 1 + x 2 d x ( 1 − 1 ),求 ∫ 1 x 2 − 1 d x ,           ∫ 1 x 2 − 1 d x = ∫ ( 1 x − 1 − 1 x + 1 − 1 x 2 − 1 ) d x ,得           ∫ 1 x 2 − 1 d x = 1 2 ∫ 1 x − 1 d x − 1 2 ∫ 1 x + 1 d x = 1 2 l n   ∣ x − 1 ∣ − 1 2 l n   ∣ x + 1 ∣ + C ,代入原式,得           ∫ 1 x 4 − 1 d x = 1 4 l n   ∣ x − 1 x + 1 ∣ − 1 2 a r c t a n   x + C \begin{aligned} &\ \ (1)\ 设u=x+3,则x=u-3,dx=du,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 得\int \frac{x3}{x+3}dx=\int \frac{(u-3)^3}{u}du=\int \frac{u^3-9u^2+27u-27}{u}du=\int \left(u^2-9u+27-\frac{27}{u}\right)du=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \left(x^2-3x+9-\frac{27}{x+3}\right)dx=\frac{1}{3}x^3-\frac{3}{2}x^2+9x-27ln\ |x+3|+C\\\\ &\ \ (2)\ 设\frac{2x+3}{x^2+3x-10}=\frac{A}{x+5}+\frac{B}{x-2},\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 其中A、B为待定系数。上式两端去分母后,得\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 2x+3=A(x-2)+B(x+5),即2x+3=(A+B)x-2A+5B,比较上式两端同次幂得系数,即有\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \begin{cases}A+B=2,\\\\\ -2A+5B=3\end{cases}解得A=1,B=1。于是\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{2x+3}{x^2+3x-10}dx=\int \left(\frac{1}{x+5}+\frac{1}{x-2}\right)dx=ln\ |x+5|+ln\ |x-2|+C=ln\ |x^2+3x-10|+C\\\\ &\ \ (3)\ \int \frac{x+1}{x^2-2x+5}dx=\int \left(\frac{x-1+2}{(x-1)^2+4}\right)dx=\int \left(\frac{x-1}{x^2-2x+5}+\frac{2}{(x-1)^2+4}\right)dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{x-1}{x^2-2x+5}dx+\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{x-1}{2}\right)^2}dx=\frac{1}{2}ln(x^2-2x+5)+arctan\ \frac{x-1}{2}+C\\\\ &\ \ (4)\ \int \frac{dx}{x(x^2+1)}=\int \left(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{x}{x^2+1}\right)dx=\int \frac{1}{x}dx-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{x}{x^2+1}d(x^2+1)=ln\ |x|-\frac{1}{2}ln(x^2+1)+C\\\\ &\ \ (5)\ \int \frac{3}{x^3+1}dx=\int \frac{3}{(x+1)(x^2-x+1)}dx=\int \left(\frac{1}{x+1}+\frac{2-x}{x^2-x+1}\right)dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ln\ |x+1|-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{x^2-x+1}d(x^2-x+1)+\frac{3}{2}\int \frac{1}{x^2-x+1}dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ln\ |x+1|-\frac{1}{2}ln(x^2-x+1)+\sqrt{3}\int \frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{2x-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)^2}d\left(\frac{2x-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ln\ |x+1|-\frac{1}{2}ln(x^2-x+1)+\sqrt{3}arctan\ \frac{2x-1}{\sqrt{3}}+C\\\\ &\ \ (6)\ \int \frac{x^2+1}{(x+1)^2(x-1)}dx=\int \left(\frac{1}{x-1}-\frac{2x}{(x+1)^2(x-1)}\right)dx=\int \frac{1}{x-1}dx-\int \frac{2x}{(x+1)^2(x-1)}dx,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 求\int \frac{2x}{(x+1)^2(x-1)}dx,设\frac{2x}{(x+1)^2(x-1)}=\frac{Ax+B}{(x+1)^2}+\frac{D}{x-1},则2x=(Ax+B)(x-1)+D(x+1)^2,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 即2x=(A+D)x^2+(B-A+2D)x-B+D,比较上式两端同次幂的系数,即有\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \begin{cases}A+D=0,\\\\ B-A+2D=2,\\\\ -B+D=0\end{cases}解得A=-\frac{1}{2},B=\frac{1}{2},D=\frac{1}{2},于是\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{2x}{(x+1)^2(x-1)}dx=\int \left(-\frac{1}{2}\frac{x-1}{(x+1)^2}+\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{x-1}\right)dx=-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{x-1}{(x+1)^2}dx+\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{x-1}dx,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 求\int \frac{x-1}{(x+1)^2}dx,设u=x+1,则x=u-1,dx=du,得\int \frac{x-1}{(x+1)^2}dx=\int \frac{u-2}{u^2}du=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{1}{u}du-2\int \frac{1}{u^2}du=ln\ |x+1|+\frac{2}{x+1}+C,代入上式,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 得\int \frac{2x}{(x+1)^2(x-1)}dx=-\frac{1}{2}ln\ |x+1|-\frac{1}{x+1}+\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{x-1}dx,代入原式,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 得\int \frac{x^2+1}{(x+1)^2(x-1)}dx=\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{x-1}dx+\frac{1}{2}ln\ |x+1|+\frac{1}{x+1}=\frac{1}{2}ln\ |x^2-1|+\frac{1}{x+1}+C\\\\ &\ \ (7)\ \int \frac{xdx}{(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)}=\int \left(\frac{x}{(x+1)(x+3)}-\frac{x}{(x+2)(x+3)}\right)dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{x}{(x+1)(x+3)}dx-\int \frac{x}{(x+2)(x+3)}dx,求\int \frac{x}{(x+1)(x+3)}dx\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 设\frac{x}{(x+1)(x+3)}=\frac{A}{x+1}+\frac{B}{x+3},其中A、B为待定系数,上式两端去分母后,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 得x=A(x+3)+B(x+1),即x=(A+B)x+3A+B,即有\begin{cases}A+B=1,\\\\ 3A+B=0\end{cases}解得A=-\frac{1}{2},B=\frac{3}{2},\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 于是\int \frac{x}{(x+1)(x+3)}dx=-\frac{1}{2}ln\ |x+1|+\frac{3}{2}ln\ |x+3|+C\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 求\int \frac{x}{(x+2)(x+3)}dx,设\frac{x}{(x+2)(x+3)}=\frac{A}{x+2}+\frac{B}{x+3},其中A、B为待定系数,上式两端去分母后,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 得x=A(x+3)+B(x+2),即x=(A+B)x=3A+2B,即有\begin{cases}A+B=1,\\\\ 3A+2B=0\end{cases}解得A=-2,B=3,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 于是\int \frac{x}{(x+2)(x+3)}dx=-2ln\ |x+2|+3ln \ |x+3|+C,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 最后,\int \frac{xdx}{(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)}=-\frac{1}{2}ln\ |x+1|+2ln\ |x+2|-\frac{3}{2}ln\ |x+3|+C\\\\ &\ \ (8)\ \int \frac{x^5+x^4-8}{x^3-x}dx=\int \frac{x^5-x^4+2x^4-2-6}{x(x^2-1)}dx=\int \left(\frac{x^3}{x+1}+2\frac{x^2+1}{x}-\frac{6}{x(x^2-1)}\right)dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{x^3}{x+1}dx+2\int \left(x+\frac{1}{x}\right)dx-\int \frac{6}{x(x^2-1)}dx(1-1),求\int \frac{x^3}{x+1}dx,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 设u=x+1,则x=u-1,dx=du,得\int \frac{x^3}{x+1}dx=\int \frac{(u-1)^3}{u}du=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \left(u^2-3u+3-\frac{1}{u}\right)du=\frac{1}{3}u^3-\frac{3}{2}u^2+3u-ln\ |u|+C=\frac{1}{3}x^3-\frac{1}{2}x^2+x-ln\ |x+1|+C\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 求\int \frac{6}{x(x^2-1)}dx,\int \frac{6}{x(x^2-1)}dx=6\int \left(\frac{x}{x^2-1}-\frac{1}{x}\right)dx=3\int \frac{x}{x^2-1}d(x^2-1)-6\int \frac{1}{x}dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 3ln\ |x^2-1|-6ln\ |x|+C\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 把两式结果代入(1-1)式,得\frac{1}{3}x^3-\frac{1}{2}x^2+x-ln\ |x+1|+x^2+2ln\ |x|-3ln\ |x^2-1|+6ln\ |x|+C=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \frac{1}{3}x^3+\frac{1}{2}x^2+x+8ln\ |x|-3ln\ |x-1|-4ln\ |x+1|+C\\\\ &\ \ (9)\ \int \frac{dx}{(x^2+1)(x^2+x)}=\int \left(\frac{1}{x^2+x}-\frac{1}{x^2+1}+\frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}\right)dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{1}{x(x+1)}dx-\int \frac{1}{1+x^2}dx+\int \frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \left(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{x+1}\right)dx-\int \frac{1}{1+x^2}dx+\int \frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{1}{x}dx-\int \frac{1}{x+1}dx-\int \frac{1}{1+x^2}dx+\int \frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}dx(1-1),求\int \frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}dx,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}dx=\int \left(\frac{1}{1+x^2}-\frac{x}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}\right)dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{1}{1+x^2}dx-\int \frac{x}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}dx(1-2),求\int \frac{x}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}dx\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 设\frac{x}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}=\frac{A}{x+1}+\frac{Bx+D}{x^2+1},则x=A(x^2+1)+(Bx+D)(x+1),\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 即x=(A+B)x^2+(B+D)x+A+D,即有\begin{cases}A+B=0,\\\\B+D=1,\\\\A+D=0\end{cases}解得A=-\frac{1}{2},B=\frac{1}{2},D=\frac{1}{2},\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 得\int \frac{x}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}dx=-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{x+1}dx+\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{x+1}{x^2+1}dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ -\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{x+1}dx+\frac{1}{4}\int \frac{1}{1+x^2}d(1+x^2)+\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{1+x^2}dx=-\frac{1}{2}ln\ |x+1|+\frac{1}{4}ln\ |x^2+1|+\frac{1}{2}arctan\ x+C,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 代入(1-2)式,得\int \frac{1}{1+x^2}dx-\int \frac{x}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \frac{1}{2}ln\ |x+1|-\frac{1}{4}ln\ |x^2+1|+\frac{1}{2}arctan\ x+C,代入(1-1)式,得\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{1}{x}dx-\int \frac{1}{x+1}dx-\int \frac{1}{1+x^2}dx+\int \frac{1}{(x^2+1)(x+1)}dx=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ln\ |x|-ln\ |x+1|-arctan\ x+\frac{1}{2}ln\ |x+1|-\frac{1}{4}ln\ |x^2+1|+\frac{1}{2}arctan\ x+C=\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ln\ |x|-\frac{1}{2}ln\ |x+1|-\frac{1}{4}ln(x^2+1)-\frac{1}{2}arctan\ x+C\\\\ &\ \ (10)\ \int \frac{1}{x^4-1}dx=\int \left(\frac{1}{x^2-1}-\frac{1}{1+x^2}-\frac{1}{x^4-1}\right)dx,得\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{1}{x^4-1}dx=\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{x^2-1}dx-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{1+x^2}dx(1-1),求\int \frac{1}{x^2-1}dx,\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{1}{x^2-1}dx=\int \left(\frac{1}{x-1}-\frac{1}{x+1}-\frac{1}{x^2-1}\right)dx,得\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{1}{x^2-1}dx=\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{x-1}dx-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{x+1}dx=\frac{1}{2}ln\ |x-1|-\frac{1}{2}ln\ |x+1|+C,代入原式,得\\\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \int \frac{1}{x^4-1}dx=\frac{1}{4}ln\ \left|\frac{x-1}{x+1}\right|-\frac{1}{2}arctan\ x+C & \end{aligned}

      (1) u=x+3,则x=u3dx=du         x+3x3dx=u(u3)3du=uu39u2+27u27du=(u29u+27u27)du=         (x23x+9x+327)dx=31x323x2+9x27ln x+3∣+C  (2) x2+3x102x+3=x+5A+x2B         其中AB为待定系数。上式两端去分母后,得         2x+3=A(x2)+B(x+5),即2x+3=(A+B)x2A+5B,比较上式两端同次幂得系数,即有          A+B=2 2A+5B=3解得A=1B=1。于是         x2+3x102x+3dx=(x+51+x21)dx=ln x+5∣+ln x2∣+C=ln x2+3x10∣+C  (3) x22x+5x+1dx=((x1)2+4x1+2)dx=(x22x+5x1+(x1)2+42)dx=         x22x+5x1dx+211+(2x1)21dx=21ln(x22x+5)+arctan 2x1+C  (4) x(x2+1)dx=(x1x2+1x)dx=x1dx21x2+1xd(x2+1)=ln x21ln(x2+1)+C  (5) x3+13dx=(x+1)(x2x+1)3dx=(x+11+x2x+12x)dx=         ln x+1∣21x2x+11d(x2x+1)+23x2x+11dx=         ln x+1∣21ln(x2x+1)+3 1+(3 2x1)21d(3 2x1)=         ln x+1∣21ln(x2x+1)+3 arctan 3 2x1+C  (6) (x+1)2(x1)x2+1dx=(x11(x+1)2(x1)2x)dx=x11dx(x+1)2(x1)2xdx         (x+1)2(x1)2xdx,设(x+1)2(x1)2x=(x+1)2Ax+B+x1D,则2x=(Ax+B)(x1)+D(x+1)2         2x=(A+D)x2+(BA+2D)xB+D,比较上式两端同次幂的系数,即有          A+D=0BA+2D=2B+D=0解得A=21B=21D=21,于是         (x+1)2(x1)2xdx=(21(x+1)2x1+21x11)dx=21(x+1)2x1dx+21x11dx         (x+1)2x1dx,设u=x+1,则x=u1dx=du,得(x+1)2x1dx=u2u2du=         u1du2u21du=ln x+1∣+x+12+C,代入上式,         (x+1)2(x1)2xdx=21ln x+1∣x+11+21x11dx,代入原式,         (x+1)2(x1)x2+1dx=21x11dx+21ln x+1∣+x+11=21ln x21∣+x+11+C  (7) (x+1)(x+2)(x+3)xdx=((x+1)(x+3)x(x+2)(x+3)x)dx=          (x+1)(x+3)xdx(x+2)(x+3)xdx,求(x+1)(x+3)xdx          (x+1)(x+3)x=x+1A+x+3B,其中AB为待定系数,上式两端去分母后,          x=A(x+3)+B(x+1),即x=(A+B)x+3A+B,即有 A+B=13A+B=0解得A=21B=23          于是(x+1)(x+3)xdx=21ln x+1∣+23ln x+3∣+C          (x+2)(x+3)xdx,设(x+2)(x+3)x=x+2A+x+3B,其中AB为待定系数,上式两端去分母后,          x=A(x+3)+B(x+2),即x=(A+B)x=3A+2B,即有 A+B=13A+2B=0解得A=2B=3          于是(x+2)(x+3)xdx=2ln x+2∣+3ln x+3∣+C          最后,(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)xdx=21ln x+1∣+2ln x+2∣23ln x+3∣+C  (8) x3xx5+x48dx=x(x21)x5x4+2x426dx=(x+1x3+2xx2+1x(x21)6)dx=          x+1x3dx+2(x+x1)dxx(x21)6dx11),求x+1x3dx          u=x+1,则x=u1dx=du,得x+1x3dx=u(u1)3du=          (u23u+3u1)du=31u323u2+3uln u+C=31x321x2+xln x+1∣+C          x(x21)6dxx(x21)6dx=6(x21xx1)dx=3x21xd(x21)6x1dx=          3ln x21∣6ln x+C          把两式结果代入(11)式,得31x321x2+xln x+1∣+x2+2ln x3ln x21∣+6ln x+C=          31x3+21x2+x+8ln x3ln x1∣4ln x+1∣+C  (9) (x2+1)(x2+x)dx=(x2+x1x2+11+(x2+1)(x+1)1)dx=        x(x+1)1dx1+x21dx+(x2+1)(x+1)1dx=        (x1x+11)dx1+x21dx+(x2+1)(x+1)1dx=        x1dxx+11dx1+x21dx+(x2+1)(x+1)1dx11),求(x2+1)(x+1)1dx        (x2+1)(x+1)1dx=(1+x21(x2+1)(x+1)x)dx=        1+x21dx(x2+1)(x+1)xdx12),求(x2+1)(x+1)xdx        (x2+1)(x+1)x=x+1A+x2+1Bx+D,则x=A(x2+1)+(Bx+D)(x+1)        x=(A+B)x2+(B+D)x+A+D,即有 A+B=0B+D=1A+D=0解得A=21B=21D=21        (x2+1)(x+1)xdx=21x+11dx+21x2+1x+1dx=        21x+11dx+411+x21d(1+x2)+211+x21dx=21ln x+1∣+41ln x2+1∣+21arctan x+C        代入(12)式,得1+x21dx(x2+1)(x+1)xdx=        21ln x+1∣41ln x2+1∣+21arctan x+C,代入(11)式,得        x1dxx+11dx1+x21dx+(x2+1)(x+1)1dx=        ln xln x+1∣arctan x+21ln x+1∣41ln x2+1∣+21arctan x+C=        ln x21ln x+1∣41ln(x2+1)21arctan x+C  (10) x411dx=(x2111+x21x411)dx,得         x411dx=21x211dx211+x21dx11),求x211dx         x211dx=(x11x+11x211)dx,得         x211dx=21x11dx21x+11dx=21ln x1∣21ln x+1∣+C,代入原式,得         x411dx=41ln  x+1x1 21arctan x+C

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  • 原文地址:https://blog.csdn.net/navicheung/article/details/126240122