用turtle库绘制图形(fractalcurves)

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使用Turtle库绘制图形实例如下:

from turtle import *
from time import sleep, perf_counter as clock


class CurvesTurtle(Pen):
    # example derived from
    # Turtle Geometry: The Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathematics
    # by Harold Abelson and Andrea diSessa
    # p. 96-98
    def hilbert(self, size, level, parity):
        if level == 0:
            return
        # rotate and draw first subcurve with opposite parity to big curve
        self.left(parity * 90)
        self.hilbert(size, level - 1, -parity)
        # interface to and draw second subcurve with same parity as big curve
        self.forward(size)
        self.right(parity * 90)
        self.hilbert(size, level - 1, parity)
        # third subcurve
        self.forward(size)
        self.hilbert(size, level - 1, parity)
        # fourth subcurve
        self.right(parity * 90)
        self.forward(size)
        self.hilbert(size, level - 1, -parity)
        # a final turn is needed to make the turtle
        # end up facing outward from the large square
        self.left(parity * 90)

    # Visual Modeling with Logo: A Structural Approach to Seeing
    # by James Clayson
    # Koch curve, after Helge von Koch who introduced this geometric figure in 1904
    # p. 146
    def fractalgon(self, n, rad, lev, dir):
        import math

        # if dir = 1 turn outward
        # if dir = -1 turn inward
        edge = 2 * rad * math.sin(math.pi / n)
        self.pu()
        self.fd(rad)
        self.pd()
        self.rt(180 - (90 * (n - 2) / n))
        for i in range(n):
            self.fractal(edge, lev, dir)
            self.rt(360 / n)
        self.lt(180 - (90 * (n - 2) / n))
        self.pu()
        self.bk(rad)
        self.pd()

    # p. 146
    def fractal(self, dist, depth, dir):
        if depth < 1:
            self.fd(dist)
            return
        self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)
        self.lt(60 * dir)
        self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)
        self.rt(120 * dir)
        self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)
        self.lt(60 * dir)
        self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)


def main():
    ft = CurvesTurtle()

    ft.reset()
    ft.speed(0)
    ft.ht()
    ft.getscreen().tracer(1, 0)
    ft.pu()

    size = 6
    ft.setpos(-33 * size, -32 * size)
    ft.pd()

    ta = clock()
    ft.fillcolor("red")
    ft.begin_fill()
    ft.fd(size)

    ft.hilbert(size, 6, 1)

    # frame
    ft.fd(size)
    for i in range(3):
        ft.lt(90)
        ft.fd(size * (64 + i % 2))
    ft.pu()
    for i in range(2):
        ft.fd(size)
        ft.rt(90)
    ft.pd()
    for i in range(4):
        ft.fd(size * (66 + i % 2))
        ft.rt(90)
    ft.end_fill()
    tb = clock()
    res = "Hilbert: %.2fsec. " % (tb - ta)

    sleep(3)

    ft.reset()
    ft.speed(0)
    ft.ht()
    ft.getscreen().tracer(1, 0)

    ta = clock()
    ft.color("black", "blue")
    ft.begin_fill()
    ft.fractalgon(3, 250, 4, 1)
    ft.end_fill()
    ft.begin_fill()
    ft.color("red")
    ft.fractalgon(3, 200, 4, -1)
    ft.end_fill()
    tb = clock()
    res += "Koch: %.2fsec." % (tb - ta)
    return res


if __name__ == '__main__':
    msg = main()
    print(msg)
    mainloop()

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运行结果如下: