原来还能这样看Java线程的状态及转换

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大家好，我是呼噜噜，最近一直在梳理Java并发，但内容杂且偏晦涩，今天我们一起来聊聊Java 线程的状态及转换 先来夯实一下基础，万丈高楼平地起，路还是得慢慢走。

Java线程的生命周期

我们先来看下Java线程的生命周期图：

上图也是本文的大纲，我们下面依次聊聊java各个线程状态及其他们的转换。

线程初始状态

线程初始状态(NEW): 当前线程处于线程被创建出来但没有被调用start()

在Java线程的时间中，关于线程的一切的起点是从Thread 类的对象的创建开始，一般实现Runnable接口 或者 继承Thread类的类，实例化一个对象出来，线程就进入了初始状态

Thread thread = new Thread()

由于线程在我们操作系统中也是非常宝贵的资源，在实际开发中，我们常常用线程池来重复利用现有的线程来执行任务，避免多次创建和销毁线程，从而降低创建和销毁线程过程中的代价。Java 给我们提供了 Executor 接口来使用线程池，查看其JDK1.8源码，发现其内部封装了Thread t = new Thread()

public class Executors {
    ...
  static class DefaultThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
        private static final AtomicInteger poolNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);
        private final ThreadGroup group;
        private final AtomicInteger threadNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);
        private final String namePrefix;

        ...

        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
            Thread t = new Thread(group, r,
                                  namePrefix + threadNumber.getAndIncrement(),
                                  0);
            if (t.isDaemon())
                t.setDaemon(false);
            if (t.getPriority() != Thread.NORM_PRIORITY)
                t.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY);
            return t;
        }
    }
    ...
}

在thread类源码中，我们还能发现线程状态的枚举类State：

    public enum State {
        /**
         * Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
         */
        NEW,

        RUNNABLE,

        BLOCKED,

        WAITING,

        TIMED_WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a terminated thread.
         * The thread has completed execution.
         */
        TERMINATED;
    }

所谓线程的状态，在java源码中都是通过threadStatus的值来表示的

   /* Java thread status for tools,
     * initialized to indicate thread 'not yet started'
     */

    private volatile int threadStatus = 0;

State 和 threadStatus 通过toThreadState方法映射转换

    public State getState() {
        // get current thread state
        return sun.misc.VM.toThreadState(threadStatus);
    }

//--- --- ---

    public static State toThreadState(int var0) {
        if ((var0 & 4) != 0) {
            return State.RUNNABLE;
        } else if ((var0 & 1024) != 0) {
            return State.BLOCKED;
        } else if ((var0 & 16) != 0) {
            return State.WAITING;
        } else if ((var0 & 32) != 0) {
            return State.TIMED_WAITING;
        } else if ((var0 & 2) != 0) {
            return State.TERMINATED;
        } else {
            return (var0 & 1) == 0 ? State.NEW : State.RUNNABLE;
        }
    }

到这里我们就可以发现，Thread t = new Thread()在Java中只是设置了线程的状态，操作系统中并没有的实际线程的创建

线程运行状态

线程运行状态(RUNNABLE)，线程被调用了start()等待运行的状态

在Linux操作系统层面，包含Running和 Ready 状态。其中Ready状态是等待 CPU 时间片。现今主流的JVM，比如hotspot虚拟机都是把Java 线程，映射到操作系统OS底层的线程上，把调度委托给了操作系统。而操作系统比如Linux,它是多任务操作系统，充分利用CPU的高性能，将CPU的时间分片，让单个CPU实现"同时执行"多任务的效果。

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Linux的任务调度又采用抢占式轮转调度，我们不考虑特权进程的话，OS会选择在CPU上占用的时间最少进程,优先在cpu上分配资源，其对应的线程去执行任务，尽可能地维护任务调度公平。Running和 Ready 状态的线程在CPU中切换状态非常短暂。大概只有 0.01 秒这一量级，区分开来意义不大，java将这2个状态统一用RUNNABLE来表示

thread.start()源码解析

我们接下来看看为什么说执行thread.start()后，线程的才"真正的创建"

public class ThreadTest {
    /**
     * 继承Thread类
     */
    public static class MyThread extends Thread {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            System.out.println("This is child thread");
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyThread thread = new MyThread();
        thread.start();
    }
}

其中thread.start()方法的源码中，会去调用start0()方法，而start0()是private native void start0();JVM调用Native方法的话，会进入到不受JVM控制的世界里

在Thread类实例化的同时，会首先调用registerNatives方法，注册本地Native方法,动态绑定JVM方法

private static native void registerNatives();
    static {
        registerNatives();
    }

在Thread类中通过registerNatives将指定的本地方法绑定到指定函数，比如start0本地方法绑定到JVM_StartThread函数：

...
static JNINativeMethod methods[] = {
    {"start0",           "()V",        (void *)&JVM_StartThread},
    {"stop0",            "(" OBJ ")V", (void *)&JVM_StopThread},
    {"isAlive",          "()Z",        (void *)&JVM_IsThreadAlive},
    ...

源码见：http://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8u/jdk8u60/jdk/file/935758609767/src/share/native/java/lang/Thread.c

JVM_StartThread 是JVM层函数,抛去各种情况的处理，主要是通过 new JavaThread(&thread_entry, sz)来创建JVM线程对象

JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_StartThread(JNIEnv* env, jobject jthread))
  JVMWrapper("JVM_StartThread");
  JavaThread *native_thread = NULL;

	//表示是否有异常，当抛出异常时需要获取Heap_lock。
  bool throw_illegal_thread_state = false;

  // 在发布jvmti事件之前，必须释放Threads_lock
  // in Thread::start.
  {
    // 获取 Threads_lock锁
    MutexLocker mu(Threads_lock);


    if (java_lang_Thread::thread(JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(jthread)) != NULL) {
      throw_illegal_thread_state = true;
    } else {
      // We could also check the stillborn flag to see if this thread was already stopped, but
      // for historical reasons we let the thread detect that itself when it starts running

      jlong size =
             java_lang_Thread::stackSize(JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(jthread));
      
        // 创建JVM线程(用JavaThread对象表示)
      size_t sz = size > 0 ? (size_t) size : 0;
      native_thread = new JavaThread(&thread_entry, sz);
      ...
    }
  }

  ...

  Thread::start(native_thread);//启动内核线程

JVM_END

源码见：https://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8u/jdk8u/hotspot/file/69087d08d473/src/share/vm/prims/jvm.cpp

我们再来看看JavaThread的实现，发现内部通过 os::create_thread(this, thr_type, stack_sz);来调用不同操作系统的创建线程方法创建线程。

JavaThread::JavaThread(ThreadFunction entry_point, size_t stack_sz) :
  Thread()
#if INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  , _satb_mark_queue(&_satb_mark_queue_set),
  _dirty_card_queue(&_dirty_card_queue_set)
#endif // INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
{
  if (TraceThreadEvents) {
    tty->print_cr("creating thread %p", this);
  }
  initialize();
  _jni_attach_state = _not_attaching_via_jni;
  set_entry_point(entry_point);
  // Create the native thread itself.
  // %note runtime_23
  os::ThreadType thr_type = os::java_thread;
  thr_type = entry_point == &compiler_thread_entry ? os::compiler_thread :
                                                     os::java_thread;
  os::create_thread(this, thr_type, stack_sz);//调用不同操作系统的创建线程方法创建线程

}

源码见：https://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8u/jdk8u/hotspot/file/69087d08d473/src/share/vm/runtime/thread.cpp

我们都知道Java是跨平台的，但是native各种方法底层c/c++代码对各平台都需要有对应的兼容，我们这边以linux为例，其他平台就大家自行去查阅了

bool os::create_thread(Thread* thread, ThreadType thr_type, size_t stack_size) {
  assert(thread->osthread() == NULL, "caller responsible");

  // Allocate the OSThread object
  OSThread* osthread = new OSThread(NULL, NULL);
  if (osthread == NULL) {
    return false;
  }

  // set the correct thread state
  osthread->set_thread_type(thr_type);

  // Initial state is ALLOCATED but not INITIALIZED
  osthread->set_state(ALLOCATED);

  thread->set_osthread(osthread);

  // init thread attributes
  pthread_attr_t attr;
  pthread_attr_init(&attr);
  pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);

  // stack size
  if (os::Linux::supports_variable_stack_size()) {
    // calculate stack size if it's not specified by caller
    if (stack_size == 0) {
      stack_size = os::Linux::default_stack_size(thr_type);

      switch (thr_type) {
      case os::java_thread:
        // Java threads use ThreadStackSize which default value can be
        // changed with the flag -Xss
        assert (JavaThread::stack_size_at_create() > 0, "this should be set");
        stack_size = JavaThread::stack_size_at_create();
        break;
      case os::compiler_thread:
        if (CompilerThreadStackSize > 0) {
          stack_size = (size_t)(CompilerThreadStackSize * K);
          break;
        } // else fall through:
          // use VMThreadStackSize if CompilerThreadStackSize is not defined
      case os::vm_thread:
      case os::pgc_thread:
      case os::cgc_thread:
      case os::watcher_thread:
        if (VMThreadStackSize > 0) stack_size = (size_t)(VMThreadStackSize * K);
        break;
      }
    }

    stack_size = MAX2(stack_size, os::Linux::min_stack_allowed);
    pthread_attr_setstacksize(&attr, stack_size);
  } else {
    // let pthread_create() pick the default value.
  }

  // glibc guard page
  pthread_attr_setguardsize(&attr, os::Linux::default_guard_size(thr_type));

  ThreadState state;

  {
    // Serialize thread creation if we are running with fixed stack LinuxThreads
    bool lock = os::Linux::is_LinuxThreads() && !os::Linux::is_floating_stack();
    if (lock) {
      os::Linux::createThread_lock()->lock_without_safepoint_check();
    }

    pthread_t tid;
      //通过pthread_create方法创建内核级线程 ！
    int ret = pthread_create(&tid, &attr, (void* (*)(void*)) java_start, thread);

    pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);

    if (ret != 0) {
      if (PrintMiscellaneous && (Verbose || WizardMode)) {
        perror("pthread_create()");
      }
      // Need to clean up stuff we've allocated so far
      thread->set_osthread(NULL);
      delete osthread;
      if (lock) os::Linux::createThread_lock()->unlock();
      return false;
    }

    // Store pthread info into the OSThread
    osthread->set_pthread_id(tid);

    // Wait until child thread is either initialized or aborted
    {
      Monitor* sync_with_child = osthread->startThread_lock();
      MutexLockerEx ml(sync_with_child, Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);
      while ((state = osthread->get_state()) == ALLOCATED) {
        sync_with_child->wait(Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);
      }
    }

    if (lock) {
      os::Linux::createThread_lock()->unlock();
    }
  }

  // Aborted due to thread limit being reached
  if (state == ZOMBIE) {
      thread->set_osthread(NULL);
      delete osthread;
      return false;
  }

  // The thread is returned suspended (in state INITIALIZED),
  // and is started higher up in the call chain
  assert(state == INITIALIZED, "race condition");
  return true;
}

源码见：https://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8u/jdk8u/hotspot/file/69087d08d473/src/os/linux/vm/os_linux.cpp

主要通过pthread_create(&tid, &attr, (void* (*)(void*)) java_start, thread)，它是unix 创建线程的方法，linux也继承了。调用后在linux系统中会创建一个内核级的线程。也就是说这个时候操作系统中线程才真正地诞生

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但此时线程才诞生，那是怎么启动的？我们回到JVM_StartThread源码中，Thread::start(native_thread)很明显这行代码就表示启动native_thread = new JavaThread(&thread_entry, sz)创建的线程，我们来继续看看其源码

void Thread::start(Thread* thread) {
  trace("start", thread);
  // Start is different from resume in that its safety is guaranteed by context or
  // being called from a Java method synchronized on the Thread object.
  if (!DisableStartThread) {
    if (thread->is_Java_thread()) {
      // 设置线程状态
      java_lang_Thread::set_thread_status(((JavaThread*)thread)->threadObj(),
                                          java_lang_Thread::RUNNABLE);
    }
    os::start_thread(thread);
  }
}

源码：https://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8u/jdk8u/hotspot/file/69087d08d473/src/share/vm/runtime/thread.cpp

os::start_thread它封装了pd_start_thread(thread),执行该方法，操作系统会去启动指定的线程

void os::start_thread(Thread* thread) {
  // guard suspend/resume
  MutexLockerEx ml(thread->SR_lock(), Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);
  OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread();
  osthread->set_state(RUNNABLE);
  pd_start_thread(thread);
}

当操作系统的线程启动完之后，我们再回到pthread_create(&tid, &attr, (void* (*)(void*)) java_start, thread)，会去java_start这个线程入口函数进行OS内核级线程的初始化，并开始启动JavaThread

// Thread start routine for all newly created threads
static void *java_start(Thread *thread) {
  // Try to randomize the cache line index of hot stack frames.
  // This helps when threads of the same stack traces evict each other's
  // cache lines. The threads can be either from the same JVM instance, or
  // from different JVM instances. The benefit is especially true for
  // processors with hyperthreading technology.
  static int counter = 0;
  int pid = os::current_process_id();
  alloca(((pid ^ counter++) & 7) * 128);

  ThreadLocalStorage::set_thread(thread);

  OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread();
  Monitor* sync = osthread->startThread_lock();

  // non floating stack LinuxThreads needs extra check, see above
  if (!_thread_safety_check(thread)) {
    // notify parent thread
    MutexLockerEx ml(sync, Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);
    osthread->set_state(ZOMBIE);
    sync->notify_all();
    return NULL;
  }

  // thread_id is kernel thread id (similar to Solaris LWP id)
  osthread->set_thread_id(os::Linux::gettid());

  if (UseNUMA) {
    int lgrp_id = os::numa_get_group_id();
    if (lgrp_id != -1) {
      thread->set_lgrp_id(lgrp_id);
    }
  }
  // initialize signal mask for this thread
  os::Linux::hotspot_sigmask(thread);

  // initialize floating point control register
  os::Linux::init_thread_fpu_state();

  // handshaking with parent thread
  {
    MutexLockerEx ml(sync, Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);

    // notify parent thread
    osthread->set_state(INITIALIZED);
    sync->notify_all();

    // 等待,直到操作系统级线程全部启动
    while (osthread->get_state() == INITIALIZED) {
      sync->wait(Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);
    }
  }

  // 开始运行JavaThread::run
  thread->run();

  return 0;
}

源码：https://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8u/jdk8u/hotspot/file/69087d08d473/src/os/linux/vm/os_linux.cpp

thread->run()其实就是JavaThread::run()也表明方法开始回调，从OS层方法回到JVM层方法
，我们再来看下其实现：

// The first routine called by a new Java thread
void JavaThread::run() {
  // initialize thread-local alloc buffer related fields
  this->initialize_tlab();

  // used to test validitity of stack trace backs
  this->record_base_of_stack_pointer();

  // Record real stack base and size.
  this->record_stack_base_and_size();

  // Initialize thread local storage; set before calling MutexLocker
  this->initialize_thread_local_storage();

  this->create_stack_guard_pages();

  this->cache_global_variables();

  // Thread is now sufficient initialized to be handled by the safepoint code as being
  // in the VM. Change thread state from _thread_new to _thread_in_vm
  ThreadStateTransition::transition_and_fence(this, _thread_new, _thread_in_vm);

  assert(JavaThread::current() == this, "sanity check");
  assert(!Thread::current()->owns_locks(), "sanity check");

  DTRACE_THREAD_PROBE(start, this);

  // This operation might block. We call that after all safepoint checks for a new thread has
  // been completed.
  this->set_active_handles(JNIHandleBlock::allocate_block());

  if (JvmtiExport::should_post_thread_life()) {
    JvmtiExport::post_thread_start(this);
  }

  JFR_ONLY(Jfr::on_thread_start(this);)

  // We call another function to do the rest so we are sure that the stack addresses used
  // from there will be lower than the stack base just computed
  thread_main_inner();//!!!注意此处方法

  // Note, thread is no longer valid at this point!
}

void JavaThread::thread_main_inner() {
  assert(JavaThread::current() == this, "sanity check");
  assert(this->threadObj() != NULL, "just checking");

  // Execute thread entry point unless this thread has a pending exception
  // or has been stopped before starting.
  // Note: Due to JVM_StopThread we can have pending exceptions already!
  if (!this->has_pending_exception() &&
      !java_lang_Thread::is_stillborn(this->threadObj())) {
    {
      ResourceMark rm(this);
      this->set_native_thread_name(this->get_thread_name());
    }
    HandleMark hm(this);
    this->entry_point()(this, this);//JavaThread对象中传入的entry_point为Thread对象的Thread::run方法
  }

  DTRACE_THREAD_PROBE(stop, this);

  this->exit(false);
  delete this;
}

源码：https://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8u/jdk8u/hotspot/file/69087d08d473/src/share/vm/runtime/thread.cpp

由于JavaThread定义可知JavaThread::JavaThread(ThreadFunction entry_point, size_t stack_sz)中参数entry_point是外部传入，那我们想想JavaThread是什么时候实例化的？

没错，就是我们一开始的JVM_StartThread中native_thread = new JavaThread(&thread_entry, sz);
也就是说this->entry_point()(this, this)实际上是回调的thread_entry方法

thread_entry源码：

static void thread_entry(JavaThread* thread, TRAPS) {
  HandleMark hm(THREAD);
  Handle obj(THREAD, thread->threadObj());
  JavaValue result(T_VOID);
  JavaCalls::call_virtual(&result,
                          obj,
                          KlassHandle(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Thread_klass()),
                          vmSymbols::run_method_name(),
                          vmSymbols::void_method_signature(),
                          THREAD);
}

源码：https://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8u/jdk8u/hotspot/file/69087d08d473/src/share/vm/prims/jvm.cpp
通过JavaCalls::call_virtual方法，又从JVM层 回到了Java语言层 ，即MyThread thread = new MyThread(); thread.start();

一切又回到了起点，这就是Javathread.start()内部完整的一个流程，HotSpot虚拟机实现的Java线程其实是对Linux内核级线程的直接映射，将Java涉及到的所有线程调度、内存分配都交由操作系统进行管理。

线程终止状态

线程终止状态(TERMINATED)，表示该线程已经运行完毕。

当一个线程执行完毕，或者主线程的main()方法完成时，我们就认为它终止了。终止的线程无法在被使用，如果调用start()方法，会抛出java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException异常，这一点我们可以从start源码中很容易地得到

public synchronized void start() {
    if (threadStatus != 0)
        throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
    ...
}

线程阻塞状态

线程阻塞状态(BLOCKED)，需要等待锁释放或者说获取锁失败时，线程阻塞

public class BlockedThread implements Runnable {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        synchronized (BlockedThread.class){
            while (true){
                
            }
        }
    }
}

从Thread源码的注释中，我们可以知道等待锁释放或者说获取锁失败，主要有下面3中情况：

1. 进入 synchronized 方法时
2. 进入 synchronized 块时
3. 调用 wait 后, 重新进入 synchronized 方法/块时

其中第三种情况，大家可以先思考一下，我们留在下文线程等待状态再详细展开

线程等待状态

线程等待状态(WAITING)，表示该线程需要等待其他线程做出一些特定动作（通知或中断）。

wait/notify/notifyAll

我们紧接着上一小节，调用 wait 后, 重新进入synchronized 方法/块时，我们来看看期间发生了什么？

当线程1调用对象A的wait方法后，会释放当前的锁，然后让出CPU时间片，线程会进入该对象的等待队列中，线程状态变为 等待状态WAITING。
当另一个线程2调用了对象A的notify()/notifyAll()方法

notify（）方法只会唤醒沉睡的线程，不会立即释放之前占有的对象A的锁，必须执行完notify()方法所在的synchronized代码块后才释放。所以在编程中，尽量在使用了notify/notifyAll()后立即退出临界区

线程1收到通知后退出等待队列，并进入线程运行状态RUNNABLE，等待 CPU 时间片分配, 进而执行后续操作，接着线程1重新进入 synchronized 方法/块时，竞争不到锁，线程状态变为线程阻塞状态BLOCKED。如果竞争到锁，就直接接着运行。线程等待状态 切换到线程阻塞状态，无法直接切换，需要经过线程运行状态。

我们再来看一个例子，巩固巩固：

public class WaitNotifyTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Object A = new Object();

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                System.out.println("线程1等待获取 对象A的锁...");
                synchronized (A) {
                    try {
                        System.out.println("线程1获取了 对象A的锁");
                        Thread.sleep(3000);
                        System.out.println("线程1开始运行wait()方法进行等待，进入到等待队列......");
                        A.wait();
                        System.out.println("线程1等待结束");
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }
        }).start();

        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                System.out.println("线程2等待获取 对象A的锁...");
                synchronized (A) {
                    System.out.println("线程2获取了 对象A的锁");
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(3000);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    System.out.println("线程2将要运行notify()方法进行唤醒线程1");
                    A.notify();
                }
            }
        }).start();
    }
}

结果：

线程1等待获取 对象A的锁...
线程1获取了 对象A的锁
线程2等待获取 对象A的锁...
线程1开始运行wait()方法进行等待，进入到等待队列......
线程2获取了 对象A的锁
线程2将要运行notify()方法进行唤醒线程1
线程1等待结束

需要注意的是，wait/notify/notifyAll 只能在synchronized修饰的方法、块中使用， notify 是只随机唤醒一个线程，而 notifyAll 是唤醒所有等待队列中的线程

join

Thread类中的join方法的主要作用能让线程之间的并行执行变为串行执行，当前线程等该加入该线程后面，等待该线程终止

public static void main(String[] args) {
  Thread thread = new Thread();
  thread.start();
  thread.join();
  ...
}

上面一个例子表示，程序在main主线程中调用thread线程的join方法,意味着main线程放弃CPU时间片(主线程会变成 WAITING 状态)，并返回thread线程，继续执行直到线程thread执行完毕，换句话说在主线程执行过程中，插入thread线程，还得等thread线程执行完后，才轮到主线程继续执行

如果查看JDKthread.join()底层实现，会发现其实内部封装了wait(),notifyAll()

park/unpark

LockSupport.park() 挂起当前线程；LockSupport.unpark(暂停线程对象) 恢复某个线程

package com.zj.ideaprojects.demo.test3;

import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;

public class ThreadLockSupportTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
            System.out.println("start.....");
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("park....");
            LockSupport.park();
            System.out.println("resume.....");

        });
        thread.start();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        System.out.println("unpark....");
        LockSupport.unpark(thread);

    }
}

结果：

start.....
park....
unpark....
resume.....

当程序调用LockSupport.park()，会让当前线程A的线程状态会从 RUNNABLE 变成 WAITING，然后main主线程调用LockSupport.unpark(thread)，让指定的线程即线程A,从 WAITING 回到 RUNNABLE 。我们可以发现
park/unpark和wait/notify/notifyAll很像，但是他们有以下的区别：

1. wait，notify 和 notifyAll 必须事先获取对象锁，而 unpark 不必
2. park、unpark 可以先 unpark ,而 wait、notify 不能先 notify，必须先wait
3. unpark 可以精准唤醒某一个确定的线程。而 notify 只能随机唤醒一个等待线程，notifyAll 是唤醒所以等待线程，就不那么精确

超时等待状态

超时等待状态(TIMED_WAITING)，也叫限期等待，可以在指定的时间后自行返回而不是像 WAITING 那样一直等待。

这部分比较简单，它和线程等待状态(WAITING)状态 非常相似，区别就是方法的参数舒服传入限制时间，在 Timed Waiting状态时会等待超时，之后由系统唤醒，或者也可以提前被通知唤醒如 notify

相关方法主要有：

1. Object.wait(long)
2. Thread.join(long) 
3. LockSupport.parkNanos(long)
4. LockSupport.parkUntil(long)
5. Thread.sleep(long)

需要注意的是Thread.sleep(long),当线程执行sleep方法时，不会释放当前的锁(如果当前线程进入了同步锁)，也不会让出CPU。sleep(long)可以用指定时间使它自动唤醒过来，如果时间不到只能调用interrupt方法强行打断。

参考资料：

https://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8u

《并发编程的艺术》

https://www.jianshu.com/p/216a41352fd8

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原文镜像：原来还能这样看Java线程的状态及转换

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