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Django DRF API(GET/POST/PUT)序列化和反序列化（一对多，多对多）demo-模型类序列化器ModelSerializer
一. 前言
在开发REST API接口时，视图中做的最主要有三件事：
- 将请求的数据（如JSON格式）转换为模型类对象
- 操作数据库
- 将模型类对象转换为响应的数据（如JSON格式）
序列化：
将程序中的一个数据结构类型转换为其他格式（字典、JSON、XML等），例如将Django中的模型类对象装换为JSON字符串，这个转换过程我们称为序列化。
简单的一句话理解就是将数据转化为JSON格式返回给前端反序列化：
反之，将其他格式（字典、JSON、XML等）转换为程序中的数据，例如将JSON字符串转换为Django中的模型类对象，这个过程我们称为反序列化。总结
在开发REST API时，视图中要频繁的进行序列化与反序列化的编写。
在开发REST API接口时，我们在视图中需要做的最核心的事是：
- 将数据库数据序列化为前端所需要的格式，并返回；
- 将前端发送的数据反序列化为模型类对象，并保存到数据库中。
二. 环境安装配置
1. 安装DRF
pip3 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple djangorestframework- 1
2. 添加rest_framework应用
INSTALLED_APPS = [ ... 'rest_framework', ]- 1
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接下来就可以使用DRF进行开发了。
普通的序列化器这里就不介绍了，下面介绍的时进阶版的模型类序列化器-
ModelSerializer
此项目使用的时前后端不分离的开发模式，本质上给前端传递数据是一样的三. 序列化与反序列化
模型表
models.pyfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User from django.db import models from apps.file.models import TeamDataStructureFile from utils.base_models import BaseModel class DataStructure(BaseModel): CATEGORY_CHOICES = [ ('Knowledge Category', 'Knowledge Category'), ('Knowledge Category1', 'Knowledge Category1'), ] TEAM_CHOICES = [ ('sys-tech', 'sys-tech'), ('data structure', 'data structure'), ] title = models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name='主题', blank=False) owner = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank=True, verbose_name='申请人ID') full_name = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank=False, verbose_name='申请人') knowledge_category = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank=False, choices=CATEGORY_CHOICES, verbose_name='知识类别') team = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank=False, choices=TEAM_CHOICES, verbose_name='团队') description = models.TextField(null=True, blank=True, verbose_name='描述') # 添加user, file复合主键 # 一对多 user = models.ForeignKey(User, null=True, blank=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL) # 多对多 attachments = models.ManyToManyField(TeamDataStructureFile, blank=True) class Meta: ordering = ['-create_time'] def __str__(self): return self.title- 1
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序列化器
serializers.pyfrom rest_framework.serializers import ModelSerializer from apps.file.models import TeamDataStructureFile from apps.file.serializers import TeamDataStructureFileField from teams.models import DataStructure class DataStructureSerializer(ModelSerializer): """序列化与反序列化数据时可以使用""" class Meta: model = DataStructure fields = '__all__' class EditDataStructureSerializer(ModelSerializer): """编辑数据反序列化器""" class Meta: model = DataStructure exclude = ('attachments',) # 若编辑文件接口提交时文件为空，此时不需要序列化此字段 class TeamDataStructureQuerySerializer(ModelSerializer): """查询所有数据的序列化器""" attachments = TeamDataStructureFileField(queryset=TeamDataStructureFile.objects.all(), many=True) class Meta: model = DataStructure fields = '__all__'- 1
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1.添加数据
视图函数
views.pyclass AddDataStructureView(LoginRequiredJSONMixin, APIView): def get(self, request): ds = DataStructure() knowledge_category = [i[1] for i in ds.CATEGORY_CHOICES] teams = [i[1] for i in ds.TEAM_CHOICES] context = { 'add_knowledge_category': knowledge_category, 'add_teams': teams, } return render(request, 'teams/data_structure/add_data_structure.html', context) @transaction.atomic def post(self, request): """反序列化一条数据，存入数据库""" # print(request.data) serializer = DataStructureSerializer(data=request.data) if serializer.is_valid(): # serializer. ds = serializer.save() # handle file files_obj = request.FILES.getlist('uploadFile') if files_obj: handle_files(request, files_obj, ds, TeamFileSerializer) return api_success('信息保存成功！Data loading') return api_bad_request('表单数据输入有误,认证失败,数据无法保存!')- 1
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2.查询/编辑/删除数据
class DataStructureDetailView(LoginRequiredJSONMixin, APIView): def get(self, request, id): """序列化器数据，并返回给前端""" ds = get_object_or_404(DataStructure, pk=id) s = DataStructureSerializer(ds) context = s.data context['teams'] = [i[1] for i in ds.TEAM_CHOICES if i[1] != s.data['team']] context['knowledge_categories'] = [i[1] for i in ds.CATEGORY_CHOICES if i[1] != s.data['knowledge_category']] attachments = ds.attachments.all() initialPreviewData = [] try: for file in attachments: initialPreviewData.append({ 'file_id': file.id, 'file_url': SERVER_URL + '/' + file.file.url, 'file_type': file.suffix.lower(), 'file_name': file.filename, 'file_size': file.file.size }) except Exception as e: logger.info('get DataStructureDetailView error:{}'.format(e)) context['initialPreviewData'] = initialPreviewData context['user'] = ds.user # print(context) return render(request, 'teams/data_structure/edit_data_structure.html', context) @transaction.atomic def put(self, request, id): """"反序列化数据，存入数据库""" # print(request.data) ds = get_object_or_404(DataStructure, pk=id) old_ds = copy.copy(ds) # 此处重新定义了序列化器是因为文件传过来的时候为空，所以需要重新定义新的序列化器，先处理数据，再处理文件，exclude attachments字段可使该字段在处理数据时被忽略，最后在单独处理该字段 s = EditDataStructureSerializer(instance=ds, data=request.data) if s.is_valid(): new_ds = s.save() # handle file files_obj = request.FILES.getlist('uploadFile') if files_obj: handle_files(request, files_obj, new_ds, TeamFileSerializer) # 变更差异信息 # old_ds_dic = model_to_dict(old_ds) # new_ds_dic = model_to_dict(new_ds) # diff = old_ds_dic.keys() & new_ds_dic # diff_vals = [(k + ': from ' + str(old_ds_dic[k]) + ' to ' + str(new_ds_dic[k])) for k in diff if # old_ds_dic[k] != new_ds_dic[k]] # print(diff_vals) return api_success('信息保存成功！Data loading') return api_bad_request('数据表单验证失败,无法保存！') def delete(self, request, id): # print(request, id) ds = get_object_or_404(DataStructure, pk=id) res = delete_data(ds) if res: return api_success(res) return api_bad_request('数据删除失败！')- 1
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封装的文件处理函数
public.py，也是多对多外键attachments字段数据库处理的方式def handle_files(request, files_obj, obj, FileSerializer): """ 该函数传参对象有attachments属性时才可调用 """ files = [] for file_obj in files_obj: filename = file_obj.name suffix = filename.rsplit(".", 1)[1] file_data = { 'file': file_obj, 'filename': filename, 'suffix': suffix, } if request.method == 'PUT': # 1.本地文件删除 obj_files = obj.attachments.all() for file in obj_files: file.file.delete() # 2.文件数据记录删除（先删除子表数据记录） obj_files.delete() fs = FileSerializer(data=file_data) if fs.is_valid(): new_file = fs.save() new_file.content_object = obj new_file.save() files.append(fs.data.get('id')) if request.method == 'POST': obj.attachments.add(*files) if request.method == 'PUT': obj.attachments.set(files) def delete_data(obj): """ 该函数传参对象有attachments属性时才可调用 """ # 设置事务，保证数据的同步 with transaction.atomic(): save_point = transaction.savepoint() try: # 1.本地文件删除 files = obj.attachments.all() if files: for file in files: file.file.delete() # 2.文件数据记录删除（先删除子表数据记录） files.delete() # 3.数据删除（再父表数据记录删除） obj.delete() except Exception as e: transaction.rollback(save_point) logger.info('obj->{} file delete error:{}'.format(obj, e)) else: transaction.savepoint_commit(save_point) msg = '数据删除成功！Data loading......' return msg def get_page_all_data(total, rows, sortOrder, pageNumber, pageSize): for i in range(len(rows)): if sortOrder == 'desc': no = total - (pageNumber - 1) * pageSize - i else: no = (pageNumber - 1) * pageSize + i + 1 rows[i]['no'] = no data = {"total": total, "rows": rows} return data- 1
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3.分页查询数据处理
class DataStructureListView(APIView): def get(self, request): pageSize = int(request.GET.get('pageSize', 10)) pageNumber = int(request.GET.get('pageNumber', 1)) search_kw = request.GET.get('search_kw', '') sortName = request.GET.get('sortName', '') sortOrder = request.GET.get('sortOrder', '') ds_all = DataStructure.objects.all() # 查询 if search_kw: ds_all = ds_all.filter( Q(title__icontains=search_kw) | Q(description__icontains=search_kw) | Q(full_name__icontains=search_kw)) if sortName == 'no': sortName = 'id' # 排序 if sortOrder == 'desc': ds_list = ds_all.order_by('-{}'.format(sortName))[(pageNumber - 1) * pageSize:(pageNumber) * pageSize] else: ds_list = ds_all.order_by(sortName)[(pageNumber - 1) * pageSize:(pageNumber) * pageSize] total = ds_all.count() # print(ds_list) # page_data = self.get_page_data(ds_list, total, sortOrder, pageNumber, pageSize) rows = TeamDataStructureQuerySerializer(ds_list, many=True).data page_data = get_page_all_data(total, rows, sortOrder, pageNumber, pageSize) if page_data: return JsonResponse(page_data) return api_bad_request('数据加载失败！') def get_page_data(self, obj_list, total, sortOrder, pageNumber, pageSize): """不使用序列化器，前端需要修改attachment字段获取方式""" ds_list_len = len(obj_list) rows = [] data = {"total": total, "rows": rows} for i in range(ds_list_len): attachments = {} attachments['file_name'] = [i.filename for i in obj_list[i].attachments.all()] attachments['id'] = [i.id for i in obj_list[i].attachments.all()] if sortOrder == 'desc': no = total - (pageNumber - 1) * pageSize - i else: no = (pageNumber - 1) * pageSize + i + 1 row = { 'id': obj_list[i].id, 'no': no, 'title': obj_list[i].title, 'description': obj_list[i].description, 'team': obj_list[i].team, 'created_date': obj_list[i].created_date, 'full_name': obj_list[i].full_name, 'knowledge_category': obj_list[i].knowledge_category, 'attachments': attachments, } rows.append(row) return data- 1
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下面附上前端分页的代码
{% extends "base.html" %} {% load static %} {% block main %} <style> .table th, .table td, .table b { text-align: center; vertical-align: middle !important; word-break: break-all; } </style> <section class="section" id="da_kf"> <div class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-center"> <div class="col-12 text-center"> <div class="section-title mb-2"> <h4 class="title mb-4">Key Features</h4> <p class="text-muted para-desc mx-auto mb-0">Add some introduction here!</p> </div> </div><!--end col--> </div><!--end row--> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 mt-4 pt-2"> <div class="card features fea-primary rounded p-4 bg-light text-center position-relative overflow-hidden border-0"> <span class="h1 icon2 text-primary"> <a href="{% url 'stdfiles:download' 'HighRise Parameters & Values List' %}" class="text-reset"> {# <img src="{% static 'images/homepage/file-publisher.svg' %}" class="avatar avatar-md-sm"#} {# alt="">#} <i class="fas fa-stream"></i> </a> </span> <div class="card-body p-0 content"> <h6><a href="{% url 'stdfiles:download' 'HighRise Parameters & Values List' %}" class="text-reset">Highrise Parameter List</a></h6> </div> <span class="big-icon text-center"> <i class="fas fa-stream"></i> </span> </div> </div><!--end col--> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 mt-4 pt-2"> <div class="card features fea-primary rounded p-4 bg-light text-center position-relative overflow-hidden border-0"> <span class="h1 icon2 text-primary"> <a href="{% url 'registers:comingsoon' %}" class="text-reset"> <i class="fas fa-braille"></i> </a> </span> <div class="card-body p-0 content"> <h6><a href="{% url 'registers:comingsoon' %}" class="text-reset">Common Platform Parameter List</a></h6> </div> <span class="big-icon text-center"> <i class="fas fa-braille"></i> </span> </div> </div><!--end col--> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 mt-4 pt-2"> <div class="card features fea-primary rounded p-4 bg-light text-center position-relative overflow-hidden border-0"> <span class="h1 icon2 text-primary"> <a href="{% url 'registers:comingsoon' %}" class="text-reset"> <i class="fas fa-cogs"></i> </a> </span> <div class="card-body p-0 content"> <h6><a href="{% url 'registers:comingsoon' %}" class="text-reset">Other Features</a></h6> </div> <span class="big-icon text-center"> <i class="fas fa-cogs"></i> </span> </div> </div><!--end col--> </div> </div><!--end container--> </section><!--end section--> <!-- Key feature End --> <!-- data structure index start --> <section class="section bg-light"> <div class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-center"> <div class="col-12 text-center"> <div class="section-title mb-4 pb-2"> <h4 class="title mb-4">Data Structure List</h4> </div> </div><!--end col--> </div><!--end row--> <div id="toolbar"> <div class="form-inline" role="form"> <button id="remove" class="btn btn-soft-primary btn-sm" onclick="window.open('/teams/add_data_structure/')"> <i class="fa fa-plus"></i> Add new data structure </button> <!-- 自定义搜索查询 --> <div class="input-group" style="left: 5px"><input id="search-keyword" class="form-control search-input" type="search" placeholder="Search" autocomplete="off"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="search-button" class="btn btn-soft-primary btn-sm" type="button" name="search" title="Search"> <i class="fa fa-search"></i></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- data structure index pagination --> <table id="table" class="table-sm small" data-pagination="true" data-buttons-class="soft-primary btn-sm" data-sort-name="created_date" data-sort-order="desc" data-remember-order="true" data-show-fullscreen="true" data-show-columns="true" data-show-columns-toggle-all="true" data-show-export="true" data-click-to-select="true" data-toolbar="#toolbar" style="table-layout: fixed;height: auto" > <thead class="thead-light"> </table> </div> </section> <!-- data structure index end --> <!-- Team Members Start --> <section class="section" id="da_team"> <!-- Companies Start --> <div class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-center"> <div class="col-12 text-center"> <div class="section-title mb-2"> <h4 class="title mb-4">Team Members</h4> <p class="text-muted para-desc mx-auto mb-0">Add some introduction here!</p> </div> </div><!--end col--> </div><!--end row--> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-12 mt-4 pt-2"> <a href="page-job-detail.html"> <div class="media key-feature align-items-center p-3 rounded shadow"> <i class="fas fa-user-check"></i> <div class="media-body ml-3"> <h4 class="title mb-0 text-dark">Tian Xia</h4> <p class="text-muted mb-0">Manager,....</p> </div> </div> </a> </div><!--end col--> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-12 mt-4 pt-2"> <a href="page-job-detail.html"> <div class="media key-feature align-items-center p-3 rounded shadow"> <i class="fas fa-user-check"></i> <div class="media-body ml-3"> <h4 class="title mb-0 text-dark">Yang Fang</h4> <p class="text-muted mb-0">Responsibility</p> </div> </div> </a> </div><!--end col--> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-12 mt-4 pt-2"> <a href="page-job-detail.html"> <div class="media key-feature align-items-center p-3 rounded shadow"> <i class="fas fa-user-check"></i> <div class="media-body ml-3"> <h4 class="title mb-0 text-dark">Wang Xiaonan</h4> <p class="text-muted mb-0">Responsibility</p> </div> </div> </a> </div><!--end col--> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-12 mt-4 pt-2"> <a href="page-job-detail.html"> <div class="media key-feature align-items-center p-3 rounded shadow"> <i class="fas fa-user-check"></i> <div class="media-body ml-3"> <h4 class="title mb-0 text-dark">Ding Chenchen</h4> <p class="text-muted mb-0">Responsibility</p> </div> </div> </a> </div><!--end col--> </div><!--end row--> </div><!--end container--> <!-- Companies End --> </section> <!-- Team Members End --> {% endblock %} {% block script %} <!-- JS for download table--> <script> var $table = $('#table') $(function () { $('#toolbar').find('select').change(function () { $table.bootstrapTable('destroy').bootstrapTable({ exportDataType: $(this).val(), exportTypes: ['excel', 'xml', 'csv', 'txt', 'sql'], columns: [ { field: 'state', checkbox: true, visible: $(this).val() === 'selected' } ] }) }).trigger('change') }) </script> <!-- JS for pagination --> <script> var $articlesTable = $('#table').bootstrapTable('destroy').bootstrapTable({ url: '/teams/data_structure_list/', method: 'GET', dataType: "json", uniqueId: 'id', //每一行的唯一标识，一般为主键列 striped: false, //是否显示行间隔色 cache: false, sortName: 'no', sortable: true, sortOrder: 'desc', sidePagination: "server", undefinedText: '--', singleSelect: true, toolbar: '#toolbar', //工具按钮用哪个容器 showToggle: true, //是否显示详细视图和列表视图的切换按钮 strictSearch: true, clickToSelect: true, pagination: true, //是否显示分页（*） showRefresh: true, //是否显示刷新按钮 pageNumber: 1, //初始化加载第一页，默认第一页 pageSize: 10, //每页的记录行数（*） pageList: [10, 20, 50, 100, 'all'], paginationPreText: "<", paginationNextText: ">", queryParamsType: "", maxHeight: "200px", queryParams: function (params) { var query_params = { 'pageSize': params.pageSize, 'pageNumber': params.pageNumber, 'search_kw': $('#search-keyword').val(), // 查询框中的参数传递给后台 'sortName': params.sortName, 'sortOrder': params.sortOrder }; return query_params; }, columns: [ { field: 'no', title: 'No', align: 'center', halign: 'center', width: '60px', visible: true, sortable: true, formatter: function (value, row, index) { var result = ""; result += '+ row.id + '/">' + row.no + '' return result } }, { field: 'id', title: 'DB_Id', align: 'center', halign: 'center', width: '70px', visible: false, sortable: true, formatter: function (value, row, index) { {#console.log(row)#} var result = ""; result += '+ row.id + '/">' + row.id + '' return result } }, { field: 'title', title: 'title', align: 'left', halign: 'center', width: '180px', visible: true, formatter: function (value, row, index) { var result = ""; result += '+ row.id + '/">' + row.title + '' return result } }, { field: 'description', title: 'Description', align: 'left', halign: 'center', width: '180px', visible: true, }, { field: 'team', title: 'Team', align: 'left', halign: 'center', width: '100px', visible: true, }, { field: 'knowledge_category', title: 'Knowledge Category', align: 'left', halign: 'center', width: '170px', visible: true, }, { field: 'full_name', title: 'Owner', align: 'left', halign: 'center', width: '120px', visible: true, sortable: true, }, { field: 'created_date', title: 'Upload date', align: 'center', halign: 'center', width: '120px', visible: true, sortable: true, }, { field: 'attachments', title: 'Files', align: 'left', halign: 'center', width: '180px', visible: true, formatter: function (value, row, index) { var result = ""; // 后台不使用序列化器 {#for (var i = 0; i < row.attachments.id.length; i++) {result += '+ row.attachments.id[i] + '">' + row.attachments.file_name[i] + ';
'}#} // 后台使用序列化器 for (var i = 0; i < row.attachments.length; i++) { result += '+ row.attachments[i].id + '">' + row.attachments[i].file_name + ';
' } return result } }, { title: 'Operation', halign: 'center', width: '80px', visible: true, formatter: function (value, row, index) { var result = ""; result += '+ row.id + '/" target="_blank"> ' result += '+ row.id + ')">' return result } } ], onLoadError: function (data) { console.log("数据加载失败！", "错误提示"); $.messager.alert({title: '提示', msg: '数据加载失败！', icon: 'warning', top: 200}); }, }); // 搜索查询按钮触发事件 $("#search-button").click(function () { console.log($('#search-keyword').val()) $('#table').bootstrapTable(('refresh')); }) // 回车执行搜索 $("#search-keyword").bind('keyup', function (event) { console.log($('#search-keyword').val()) $('#table').bootstrapTable(('refresh')); }) </script> <!-- JS for delete data --> <script> function del_data_structure(id) { console.log(id) $.messager.confirm({ title: '提示', msg: '是否确认删除该条数据?', top: 200, fn: function (r) { if (r) { $.ajax({ url: server_url + '/teams/data_structure_detail/' + id + '/', method: 'delete', processData: false, contentType: false, cache: false, success: function (data) { console.log("data:" + data); console.log("data:" + data.status); if (data.status === 200) { {#$.messager.alert({title: '提示', msg: data.msg, icon: 'warning', top: 200,});#} $.messager.show({ title: '提示', msg: data.msg, showType: '', timeout: 500, style: {top: 200} }); console.log("data:" + data.msg); $('#table').bootstrapTable('refresh'); {#window.setTimeout("window.location=server_url+'/teams/data_structure/'", 600);#} return } console.log(data) $.messager.alert({title: '提示', msg: '权限不足或服务请求异常，数据无法删除！', icon: 'warning', top: 200}); }, //请求失败，包含具体的错误信息 error: function (data) { console.log('error' + data.msg); $.messager.alert({title: '提示', msg: '请求服务错误或当前网络不佳！', icon: 'warning', top: 200}); } }); } } }); } </script> {% endblock %}- 1
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免声明：以上内容和代码仅供参考！
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- 原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_43030934/article/details/128204817
